Applied sciences

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Content

Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2024 | vol. 73 | No 3

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Abstract

Radiofrequency (RF) ablation is a popular therapeutic technique for heating solid tumors that are medically unsuitable for resection or other treatments. Thermal ablation applicators create high-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) within the tumor site, which causes heating, coagulation, and ultimately death of the cancer cells. The aim of this study is the numerical analysis of the temperature distributions, ablation zones, and specific absorption rates (SAR) during RF ablation in relation to an ellipsoidal shaped tumor placed in the model of liver tissue. The source of heat is a three-element system of RF needle applicators operating at a frequency 100 kHz, with a given electrode potential, inserted into the tumor. In order to obtain an appropriate temperature distribution in the target area, the Laplace equation coupled with the Pennes equation were solved using the finite element method (FEM). The arrangement effect of three needle-type applicators on the resultant thermal profiles and the volumes of ablation zones were analyzed and compared. In addition, the ablation zones for various angles of the RF applicator placed in the center of the tumor were analyzed. The paper shows that in order to control temperature distribution and ablation zones the proposed system of RF applicators and the arrangement of electrodes can be successfully applied in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Gas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Arkadiusz Miaskowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical and Power EngineeringAGH University of Krakow30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Lublin University of TechnologyFaculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science38A Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

The technique of estimating the expected decrease in electricity consumption from the grid and using PV energy for the taken load schedule based on archival data for 5 years is refined. With full self-consumption (SC), the reduction of consumption from the grid can be increased by 9.5%–30.7% for a year according to the rated PV power. Consumption should increase when PV generation exceeds a certain value. A discrete time control of the power of an electric storage boiler (ESB) is proposed based on the deviation of the storage battery (SB) state of charge from a given schedule with a heating concentration during hours of high PV generation. In the considered application, it is possible to increase SC by up to 21%. Reducing the load in the evening allows us to use SB energy to reduce consumption from the grid at night. The possibility of complete photovoltaic SC when the ESB is used with an air conditioner is substantiated. Limitations for air conditioner energy consumption according to PV generation are determined. The system’s 24h model of energy processes is supplemented with a thermal model. The standard use of ESB with water temperature maintenance was also considered for comparison. ESB power control allows you to reduce daily energy consumption from the grid by 1.7–2 times. When combining an adjustable ESB with an air conditioner, it is possible to reduce consumption from the grid by 1.466–1.558 times at minimum and increase consumption from the grid by 2–5% at maximum air conditioner consumption.
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Authors and Affiliations

Olexandr Shavolkin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Iryna Shvedchykova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Michal Kolcun
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dusan Medved
2
ORCID: ORCID
Damian Mazur
3
ORCID: ORCID
Bogdan Kwiatkowski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Computer Engineering and ElectromechanicsKyiv National University of Technologies and DesignMala Shyianovska 2, 01011, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of KosiceLetná 9, 04200, Košice, Slovakia
  3. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering FundamentalsRzeszow University of TechnologyPowstancow Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, a Dual Second Order Generalized Integrator_Phase Locked Loop (DSOGI_PLL) technique applied to the Photovoltaic (PV) system supplying a Z-Source five-level Inverter (ZSI) is presented. The ZSI assures the increasing voltage of the PV system and provides the desired output DC at the input of the five-level Neutral Point Clamped Inverter (5L_NPCI), without any control which reduces the complexity of the overall system, this is due to the impedance network in its structure. We use Z-Source in order to eliminate the controlled DC bus as well as the use of the DC-DC Boost converter as an intermediary. A DSOGI technique is employed to control and optimize the energy quality, especially in distorted grid conditions and allows one to obtain a very low value of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) which means lower peak currents, and higher efficiency. Low THD is an essential feature in power systems that international standards such as IEC 61000-3-2, and IEEE-519 set limits on the harmonic currents of various classes of power equipment connected to a distorted three-phase grid. Compared to the classic structure of inverters, the NPC five-level inverter presents a very high performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ali Daoudi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hocine Benalla
1
Khalil Nebti
1

  1. Département d’électrotechnique, laboratoire d’électrotechnique de ConstantineUniversité Constantine 1, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
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Abstract

The natural mode of operation for the brushless doubly-fed induction machine is a particular instance of synchronism at a so-called natural rotor velocity when one stator winding is powered by an AC and the other by a DC voltage source. Consequently, in addition to the rotating magnetic field, there exists a magnetic field that is fixed to the stator frame of reference. Analysis in this specific mode is essential as the natural velocity arises from the choice of pole numbers, thereby determining machine efficiency. However, this presents a significant challenge when it comes to mathematical modeling using complex-valued steady-state models through either equivalent-circuit or finite element analysis. This paper presents a study on the extension of the recently-proposed steady-state complex-valued finite element model for the brushless doubly-fed induction machine to enable its application in the natural operating mode. A high correlation with the data obtained from a time-stepping model is obtained for the extended model when subjected to both low and high levels of saturation of the magnetic circuit. This extension makes the whole approach applicable in all operating conditions and modes of the brushless doubly-fed induction machine. Considering the nearly two orders of magnitude lower computational costs associated with analysis via the proposed model compared to time-stepping analysis, it is particularly useful in scenarios that involve extensive computations and require multiple cases to be considered such as design sensitivity analysis, topology optimization or a connection with machine learning techniques.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Jagieła
1
Marian Łukaniszyn
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Opole University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Automatic Control and Informatics 45-758 Opole, ul. Prószkowska 76
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Abstract

Mechanisms of contact diffusion during relay-contacts operation were investigated. The contacts with the same geometry but different chemical composition were tested. The 1st relay-contact in a pair was made of copper, and the 2nd had a surface coated with a layer of silver about 500 micrometers thick. Different numbers of work cycles ranging from 8.5 k to 550 k were applied. AC current in the system was limited to 5 A. The closed/open periods were set at 250/250 ms. The resistance of the contacts was measured every 100 cycles. The microstructure of the working surfaces of the contacts after different numbers of operating cycles was investigated. On the surface of Cu contacts eutectic precipitates are formed and on the complementary bimetal contact tiny Cu-rich precipitates were generated on the silver surface. Crossection observations showed mutual material diffusion between the contacts. The depth of silver diffusion into the copper contact after 550 k operating cycles reaches 30 micrometers. The resistance of the contact system was stabilized after 40 k cycles at a level of 0.25 Ohm.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Hotlos
1
Grzegorz Boczkal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Karpinski
2

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals Sowinskiego 5 St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The increasing demand for centralised power consumption in rural agriculture may result in low voltage and three-phase imbalance issues at the end of the distribution network. Furthermore, the extensive implementation of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems may cause an imbalance between agricultural power load and PV output, exacerbating the issue of PV losses. In this paper, an optimal scheduling strategy for an integrated source-networkload- storage system is proposed to solve the above problems. The proposed strategy involves a dispatch model that includes PV power generation and energy storage, with the objective of maximising PV consumption and minimising operating costs. The PPO algorithm is finally employed to solve the cooperative optimisation model for source-grid-load-storage. The proposed scheduling strategy has been validated through examples, and the results demonstrate its effectiveness in ensuring the economic and safe operation of rural distribution networks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhimin Lei
1
Qianwen Pei
1
Junrong Lian
1
Jinjin Song
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zhaoxu Zhang
1

  1. Baiyin Power supply company, State Grid Gansu Electric Power CompanyBaiyin 730900, China
  2. School of New Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong UnversityLanzhou 730070, China
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Abstract

To convert photovoltaic arrays to solar energy in a more efficient way, this paper has proposed a maximum power point tracking controller model based on the chaotic quantum particle swarm-mothballing hybrid algorithm. First, the optimization of the particle swarm algorithm is designed to solve defects, such as premature maturity by using the quantum and chaotic strategies. The mothballing algorithm is introduced to help the model find global optimization-seeking more quickly. After that, further optimization was made to operate the tracking model in both offline and real-time parameters. The conductivity increment method and the perturbation observation method were adopted to effectively track the model under different temperatures and light intensities. Finally, the simulation and analysis experiments were carried out on the Simulink platform. The study’s proposed maximum power point tracking controller achieved a steady-state accuracy η2 of 99.84%. In summary, the study has proposed a hybrid intelligent algorithm with extraction of internal parameters. The maximum power point tracker based on the proposed method is proved to be both effective and accurate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zili Wang
1
Weilu Yuan
1

  1. College of Electromechanical EngineeringAnyang Vocational and Technical CollegeAnyang 455000, China
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Abstract

In this article a control method for a rotor side converter (RSC) of a doubly fed induction generator of a wind turbine is developed. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) system of a wind energy power plant that improves grid symmetrization was applied. The issue of optimal control was treated as an extended linear quadratic regulator (ELQR) having an extra set of exogenous inputs, which are source voltages of the electric grid. No additional knowledge of equations modelling the exogenous inputs was assumed. The proposed method is much more efficient than the currently available linear quadratic control methods. The control objective for a weak grid was to maintain the given value of the voltage module on load terminals and the given value of active power transferred from the stator’s winding. First harmonic components of relevant waveforms were used for this purpose. This task also required the DFIG system to provide reactive power to the grid. In the case of a rigid grid, this reactive power would be too high. Therefore, in this case, it was assumed that the system would supply only part of the required active and reactive power, based on its capabilities. It was required that the voltage and current ratings of the system, mainly the DFIG, were not exceeded. Therefore, the parameters of the network in these difficult failure cases were corrected only partially. The behaviour of the grid in the conditions of failure, as well as the return to the steady state after failure disappearance, were studied.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Gołębiowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Fundamentals, Rzeszow University of Technologyul. W. Pola 2, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

With the wide application of smart meters, real-time data collection in power grid operation can be carried out in real time, which provides big data support for the digital modeling of distribution station areas. At the same time, the digital transformation of the distribution area can be promoted through the digital modeling of the distribution area. In this situation, how to use the big data of smart meters to achieve the digital modeling of the distribution area needs to be further studied. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the connotation of digitalization in the distribution station area. At the same time, aiming at the digitalization of the distribution station area, it analyzes the digitalization of station features, user features, new energy features, network parameters and operation features, and obtains the digitalization model. Finally, on the basis of the above, select an application scenario to introduce the application of digitalization modeling. The research results can provide a reference for the combination of big data application of smart meters and digitalization of the distribution area, and help the digital transformation of the distribution area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hao Bai
1
Yu Fu
2
Weichen Yang
1
Yue Li
2
Yongxiang Cai
2
Min Xu
1

  1. Electric Power Research Institute, China South Power Grid, Ltd. Guangzhou, China
  2. Guizhou Power Grid Co. Ltd. Guiyang, China
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Abstract

As we have known, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have garnered widespread interest across various industrial applications thanks to their advantages such as high efficiency, reliable performance, simple structure, and adaptability to various shapes and sizes. Due to characteristics of the high torque and low speed, the PMSMs make particularly well-suited for traction applications such as trucks, ship propulsion, mining, and more. In this context, a combination of the analytical method and finite element method (FEM) is proposed for designing and simulating a six-phase surface-mounted PMSM. Firstly, a model of the six-phase PMSM is analytically design to make required/main dimensions. The FEM is then applied to analyse and verify electromagnetic parameters such as of the current waveform, back electromagnetic force (EMF), magnetic flux density in the air gap, flux linkage, torque, cogging torque, torque ripple and harmonic components. Via the obtained results, the research will give a contribution of valuable insights for optimizing the design, performance and reliability for this motor in diverse industrial applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vuong Dang Quoc
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Trinh Truong Cong
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Laboratory of High Performance electric machines (HiPems) Vietnam
  2. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ha Noi University of Science and Technology Vietnam
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Abstract

This work represents a moving fuzzy sliding mode controller (SMC) to suppress the wing-rock motion, a self-sustaining cycle oscillation caused by the nonlinear coupling between the unsteady aerodynamic forces and the dynamic response of the aircraft. Based on fuzzy systems, a moving algorithm is designed to estimate the unknown nonlinear dynamic function of the system in the control topology. The fuzzy algorithm is formulated by taking the width’s value, and based on Lyapunov theory, the membership function’s mean vector is adapted online. Simulation results, for examples that include small and large initial conditions, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy sliding mode controller.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sinda Aloui
1
Samia Larguech
2
Shabana Urooj
2
Norah Alwadai
3

  1. Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Automatic control computer engineering (Lab-STA) National School of Engineering of Sfax, University of Sfax Postal Box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  3. Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract

In European countries, electrified routes amount for 40% to 65% of the total railway networks length. Some of those routes are only partially electrified, and construction of a catenary network might not be viable on all routes. Consequently, operators run diesel trains under catenary or require both an electric and diesel vehicle, increasing costs of operation. Dual-mode vehicles exist, but they are mostly equipped with diesel generators, adding to the pollution and resulting in reduced movement dynamics. In this article, the authors present a hydrogen-hybrid electric multiple unit (HEMU), as an environmentally friendly vehicle for partially electrified railway lines. Insight into technologies utilized by both hybrid and hydrogen rail vehicles based on the literature review allowed for the formulation of requirements for such a vehicle. Furthermore, an approach to a modelling hybrid vehicle is described, including an energy management algorithm. A series of simulations were conducted, showing an operation of an HEMU on a partially electrified suburban/regional route. The presented simulation results show potential for the future introduction of hydrogen hybrid electric multiple units as a viable solution for partially electrified local and regional routes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Jakubowski
1
Lech Lipinski
2
Dawid Kwiatkowski
2
Dariusz Karkosinski
1
Natalia Karkosinska-Brzozowska
3

  1. Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdansk University of TechnologyGabriela Narutowicza str., 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
  2. PESA Bydgoszcz SA, Zygmunta Augusta str., 11, 85-082 Bydgoszcz, Poland
  3. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of TechnologyGabriela Narutowicza str., 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

Two schemes have been developed to reduce the cogging torque generated by the gap between the stator modules of the modular permanent magnet synchronous motor. These schemes involve shifting the gap position to change the phase of the cogging torque, thereby eliminating some of its components and reducing its magnitude. Finite element simulation was used to verify the cogging torque of E and C type modular motors using two different schemes. The effect of the offset gap on electromagnetic performance and motor vibration noise was also analysed. The results indicate that both schemes weaken the cogging torque without significantly affecting the electromagnetic performance of the motor or increasing vibration noise.
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Authors and Affiliations

Caixia Tao
1
Yaogeng Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fengyang Gao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jiangang Li
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong UniversityGansu Province, China
  2. School of Mathematics and Science, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Gansu Province, China
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Abstract

The use of the interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) drive has profoundly increased in a large number of applications due to numerous advantages. Owing to the disadvantages of mechanical sensors, sensorless control techniques are employed to enhance the performance of the IPMSM drive by removing the effect of noise and gain drift due to the sensor, increasing reliability, cost saving, and reducing overall size. This article presents the comparative analysis between the adaptive observer and non-adaptive extended electromotive force (EEMF) observer based on the active flux concept in a stationary reference frame (α–β). Moreover, the effect of slot harmonics and non-sinusoidal distribution of rotor flux is present in the three-phase IPMSM, this problem is considered as the control system disturbances in this article. Due to the non-sinusoidal distribution of flux and slot harmonics, the observer structure in the rotating reference frame (d–q) fails to estimate at the low-speed operation range. Comparative analysis between adaptive and non-adaptive observer structures is provided for a wide speed range. The effectiveness of the observer structures is examined using the classical field-oriented control scheme. In the end, simulation and experimental results are demonstrated to validate the performance of the sensorless control scheme using the adaptive and non-adaptive observer structures for the three-phase IPMSM drive setup.
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Authors and Affiliations

Deepak Vyas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Morawiec
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tadele Ayana
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lelisa Wogi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Guzinski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology11/12 Narutowicza str., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents an in-depth analysis of the power losses in the windings and the cores of two different transformers as applied to a phase-shifted full bridge (PSFB) converter at the power level of 20–25 kW and the switching frequency of 50 kHz. The main difference in the construction of the considered devices was the method of winding realization as well as the shape and material of the cores. The influence of the winding geometry on the conduction losses was analyzed, and the losses in the cores were analytically estimated, taking into account the operating conditions of these elements in the full-bridge system with phase-shift modulation. Original resistive models of windings made of cooper sheets are presented. The obtained results were verified by experimental tests carried out in an isolated full-bridge DC/DC converter.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Grzejszczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Barlik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kornel Wolski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw University of TechnologyKoszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

Hardware-in-loop (HIL) is a technique that allows one to simulate the behavior of a technical system in real time. This makes it a valuable tool for controller validation in many fields including photovoltaic systems. This paper proposes an experiment solution for maximizing power of the photovoltaic (PV) panel using HIL simulation. The proposed HIL configuration consists of two parts. The first part includes the PV, the DC-DC boost converter and load are simulated using HYPERSIM and run on the real-time OPAL-RT simulator. The second part is the real MPPT controller based on the perturbation and observation (P&O) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) using the TMS320F28379D board. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed HIL configuration, the paper also presents a software-in-loop (SIL) simulation configuration for MPPT including the PV, the boost converter, load and MPPT controller based on the P&O algorithm which are simulated using HYPERSIM and run on the real-time OPAL-RT simulator. The obtained results by the proposed HIL configuration are compared with those gained by the SIL configuration on the A10J-S72-175 PV module under different irradiance and temperature levels. The obtained results show that the proposed HIL configuration can be used to perform MPPT experiments for PV under different environmental conditions. In addition, the compared results show that the proposed HIL configuration fulfills its usefulness for evaluating the practical MPPT controllers.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hoai Phong Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Thuan Thanh Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City No. 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (AEE) (previously Archiwum Elektrotechniki), quarterly journal of the Polish Academy of Sciences is OpenAccess, publishing original scientific articles and short communiques from all branches of Electrical Power Engineering exclusively in English. The main fields of interest are related to the theory & engineering of the components of an electrical power system: switching devices, arresters, reactors, conductors, etc. together with basic questions of their insulation, ampacity, switching capability etc.; electrical machines and transformers; modelling & calculation of circuits; electrical & magnetic fields problems; electromagnetic compatibility; control problems; power electronics; electrical power engineering; nondestructive testing & nondestructive evaluation.

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[1] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of paper, Title of periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[1] Steentjes S., von Pfingsten G., Hombitzer M., Hameyer K., Iron-loss model with consideration of minor loops applied to FE-simulations of electrical machines, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 3945-3948 (2013).

[2] Idziak P., Computer Investigation of Diagnostic Signals in Dynamic Torque of Damaged Induction Motor, Electrical Review (in Polish), to be published.

[3] Cardwell W., Finite element analysis of transient electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in a squirrel cage motor, submitted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

Conference manuscript

[4] Author A., Title of conference paper, Unabbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Country of Conf., pp. xxx-xxx (YEAR).

example

[4] Popescu M., Staton D.A., Thermal aspects in power traction motors with permanent magnets, Proceedings of XXIII Symposium Electromagnetic Phenomena in Nonlinear Circuits, Pilsen, Czech Republic, pp. 35-36 (2016).

Book, book chapter and manual

[5] Author1 A., Author2 A.B., Title of book, Name of the publisher (YEAR).

example

[5] Zienkiewicz O., Taylor R.L., Finite Element method, McGraw-Hill Book Company (2000).

Patent

[6] Author1 A., Author2 A., Title of patent, European Patent, EP xxx xxx (YEAR).

example

[6] Piech Z., Szelag W., Elevator brake with magneto-rheological fluid, European Patent, EP 2 197 774 B1 (2011).

Thesis

[7] Author A., Title of thesis, PhD Thesis, Department, University, City of Univ. (YEAR).

example

[7] Driesen J., Coupled electromagnetic-thermal problems in electrical energy transducers, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, K.U. Leuven, Leuven (2000).

For on electronic forms

[8] Author A., Title of article, in Title of Conference, record as it appears on the copyright page], © [applicable copyright holder of the Conference Record] (copyright year), doi: [DOI number].

example

[8] Kubo M., Yamamoto Y., Kondo T., Rajashekara K., Zhu B., Zero-sequence current suppression for open-end winding induction motor drive with resonant controller,in IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), © APEC (2016), doi: 10.1109/APEC.2016.7468259

Website

[9] http://www.aee.put.poznan.pl, accessed April 2010.

Proofs:

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